Improving Life in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Improving Life in the United States - Essay Example One of the major concerns of America today is the growing number of obese people. Children are not exempted from such and this calls more attention to how American families are raising their children. Doctors and researchers all agree that American diet have drastically changed, relying on easy to prepare foods or the readily available victuals from fast foods. They are now promoting changes in how Americans eat, going back to how our ancestors, decades ago, ate. On a parallel, as this problem is being resolved, similar attention is solicited to a much wider scope of concern. The production and consumption of local farm products is advertized at a higher level because of its effect on the various aspects of American living. First, from health advocates who suggest that home-grown fruits and vegetables are far healthier because they are locally available while they are still fresh, with more nutrients as compared to imported products that have undergone various stages of preservation. Secondly, by environmentalists who suggest that local production and consumption will create a tight-knit interconnection between producers and consumers, enabling accountability between them (Morris, 641). Such a situation will create awareness about how the products are produced and transported and therefore will demand high standards of maintaining quality services from farmers and producers. Such awareness in turn, will help consumers appreciate the efforts of farmers and producers. Thirdly, from economists who argue that buying locally grown food is not only good for local economy but on a global level as well. Although there are beliefs that local production will kill developing countries’ economies especially those who rely on exportation for their economic growth, Morris says otherwise. To prove his point, he cites CARE, a non-profit organization that works to fight global poverty which refused to accept tens of millions of dollars in federal money for food aid in Af rica, arguing that such help undercuts farmers, making their situation worse and not better. He thus suggests that local production to make Africa self-sufficient is rather the solution to their problem and not reliance on exportation or help extended by successful countries (642). The environmentalist’s perspective mentioned earlier reflects in part the argument of Al Gore in his Nobel Lecture in 2007. He informed the American people that on the day he delivered his lecture, 70 million tons of global-warming pollution has been dumped and a larger amount will be dumped again the next day (721). If such an increase has been constantly growing for the past five years, imagine how large both American producers and consumers contributed to such pollution. The lack of accountability and awareness in the production and consumption of imported goods surely is a great factor to this global crisis. Therefore, in response to Al Gore’s call for the Americans to forge a united eff ort, with great individual involvement, everyone should become aware of this impending crisis that might dim the future of the next generation. Being accountable, this generation should act and, act quickly, together (724). The modern American lifestyle has improved a lot when one evaluates on the basis of technological advancements. However, there is no denying that such achievements have destructive consequences not only individually and locally but also globally. The fast-paced modern

E-Commerce in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

E-Commerce in the 21st Century - Essay Example However, E Commerce is no panacea. There are some thorny issues in the implementation of E Commerce; particularly, the technical standards and security issues. The report aims at analysing the benefits of E Commerce to business functions. The report looks at the current technological offerings available to businesses to implement E Commerce. Specific benefits brought about by E Commerce in various systems and sub systems of businesses are considered. The paper also analyses the loopholes of E Commerce solutions that may hamper the companies in the implementation. Finally the case study of COMPANY is considered to bolster the premises of the report. The availability of commodity priced IT systems, high speed and affordable communications infrastructure and ever increasing research and development in computer languages have swelled E Commerce. But what exactly is E Commerce The ubiquitous definition of E Commerce would be, "Buying and selling of goods on the Internet". However this definition is a little too coarse; too simple. The eCommerce Innovation Centre provides a more pragmatic view by defining E Commerce as every form of business or administrative transaction or exchange of information between a company and its outside world (eCIC, 2001). The first implementations of E Commerce applications can be traced back to the early 1970s, when a few companies began exchanging data among themselves through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), a prevalent industry standard for inter enterprise communication. Since then there has been no looking back. Companies began deploying huge corporate networks with groups of systems perform cert ain business tasks. The major springboard to E Commerce was provided by the low cost entry of the Internet. Virtually every major company started transforming their businesses to global level through Internet (Gottardi et al, 2004). However today, just a decade after the revolution, E Commerce is plainly considered to be a synonym for high profits. It is an underlying business philosophy assumption of major companies and not some necessary technological breakthrough. Such a ubiquity of E Commerce was mainly due to its potential to lead to dramatic growth in trade and improved efficiency and effectiveness of business practises. As of today, E Commerce consists of several theoretical models, which provide a company with the tools to support the 5 essential elements of conducting business, namely price, promotion, presence, product and place. The important models are: Merchant Model: This model is typically used by traders, resellers, wholesaler and retailers of goods and services. It includes 24x7 ordering and one to one custom marketing (embellix, 2000). Auction Model: This model emulates the traditional 'bidding' model. It implements the bidding mechanisms by presenting goods and their value online. Manufacturer Model: It is used by the manufacturers directly to communicate to the consumers about their goods and services. Affiliate Model: In this model a company becomes an 'affiliate' of another company to advertise itself or its products and needs to pay certain amount for using it.

Sullivan Ballous Letter to His Wife Before the Battle of Bull Run Essay Example for Free

Sullivan Ballous Letter to His Wife Before the Battle of Bull Run Essay Love of country is not unique to Americans, but in a democracy, sending citizens to war requires far more than a dictators fiat. In 1861, men on both sides of the conflict were willing to lay down their lives for what they believed to be right. Southerners fought for states rights and a society built upon human slavery, which many considered the natural order of the universe. When the war started, few volunteers in the northern army marched off to end slavery, but many were ready to fight and die to preserve the Union. One such soldier was Major Sullivan Ballou of the Second Regiment, Rhode Island Volunteers. Then thirty-two years old, Ballou had overcome his familys poverty to start a promising career as a lawyer. He and his wife Sarah wanted to build a better life for their two boys, Edgar and Willie. An ardent Republican and a devoted supporter of Abraham Lincoln, Ballou had volunteered in the spring of 1861, and on June 19 he and his men had left Providence for Washington, D.C. He wrote the following letter to his wife from a camp just outside the nations capital, and it is at once a passionate love letter as well as a profound meditation on the meaning of the Union. It caught national importance 129 years after he wrote it, when it was read on the widely watched television series, The Civil War, produced by Ken Burns. The beauty of the language as well as the passion of the sentiments touched the popular imagination, and brought home to Americans once again what defense of democracy entailed. Ballou wrote the letter July 14, while awaiting orders that would take him to Manassas, where he and twenty-seven of his men would die one week later at the Battle of Bull Run. LETTER TO HIS WIFE (1861) My very dear Sarah: The indications are very strong that we shall move in a few days perhaps tomorrow. Lest I should not be able to write you again, I feel impelled to write lines that may fall under your eye when I shall be no more. Our movement may be one of a few days duration and full of pleasure and it may be one of severe conflict and death to me. Not my will, but thine O God, be done. If it is necessary that I should fall on the battlefield for my country, I am ready. I have no misgivings about, or lack of confidence in, the cause in which I am engaged, and my courage does not halt or falter. I know how strongly American Civilization now leans upon the triumph of the Government, and how great a debt we owe to those who went before us through the blood and suffering of the Revolution. And I am willing perfectly willing to lay down all my joys in this life, to help maintain this Government, and to pay that debt. But, my dear wife, when I know that with my own joys I lay down nearly all of yours, and replace them in this life with cares and sorrows when, after having eaten for long years the bitter fruit of orphanage myself, I must offer it as their only sustenance to my dear little children is it weak or dishonorable, while the banner of my purpose floats calmly and proudly in the breeze, that my unbounded love for you, my darling wife and children, should struggle in fierce, though useless, contest with my love of country? I cannot describe to you my feelings on this calm summer night, when two thousand men are sleeping around me, many of them enjoying the last, perhaps, before that of death and I, suspicious that Death is creeping behind me with his fatal dart, am communing with God, my country, and thee. I have sought most closely and diligently, and often in my breast, for a wrong motive in thus hazarding the happiness of those I loved and I could not find one. A pure love of my country and of the principles I have often advocated before the people and the name of honor that I love more than I fear death have called upon me, and I have obeyed. Sarah, my love for you is deathless, it seems to bind me to you with mighty cables that nothing but Omnipotence could break; and yet my love of Country comes over me like a strong wind and bears me irresistibly on with all these chains to the battlefield. The memories of the blissful moments I have spent with you come creeping over me, and I feel most gratified to God and to you that I have enjoyed them so long. And hard it is for me to give them up and burn to ashes the hopes of future years, when God willing, we might still have lived and loved together, and seen our sons grow up to honorable manhood around us. I have, I know, but few and small claims upon Divine Providence, but something whispers to me perhaps it is the wafted prayer of my little Edgar that I shall return to my loved ones unharmed. If I do not, my dear Sarah, never forget how much I love you, and when my last breath escapes me on the battlefield, it will whisper your name. Forgive my many faults, and the many pains I have caused you. How thoughtless and foolish I have oftentimes been! How gladly would I wash out with my tears every little spot upon your happiness, and struggle with all the misfortune of this world, to shield you and my children from harm. But I cannot. I must watch you from the spirit land and hover near you, while you buffet the storms with your precious little freight, and wait with sad patience till we meet to part no more. But, O Sarah! If the dead can come back to this earth and flit unseen around those they loved, I shall always be near you; in the garish day and in the darkest night amidst your happiest scenes and gloomiest hours always, always; and if there be a soft breeze upon your cheek, it shall be my breath; or the cool air fans your throbbing temple, it shall be my spirit passing by. Sarah, do not mourn me dead; think I am gone and wait for thee, for we shall meet again. As for my little boys, they will grow as I have done, and never know a fathers love and care. Little Willie is too young to remember me long, and my blue-eyed Edgar will keep my frolics with him among the dimmest memories of his childhood. Sarah, I have unlimited confidence in your maternal care and your development of their characters. Tell my two mothers his and hers I call Gods blessing upon them. O Sarah, I wait for you there! Come to me, and lead thither my children.

Mulligan Vs Maitland Talar Glide Health And Social Care Essay

Mulligan Vs Maitland Talar Glide Health And Social Care Essay Does Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide is effective in improving dorsiflexion in subjects with acute ankle inversion sprain than Maitlands anterior-to-posterior talar glide mobilization. Design: Experimental, Comparative, Randomized Controlled Trail-single blinded study. Participants: 90 samples with acute ankle inversion sprain diagnosed by radiologist through X-Ray imaging will be collected with convenience sampling. Intervention: Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria subjects randomly allocated to 3 groups of intervention- Group I Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide along with RICE, Group II Maitlands anterior-to-posterior talar glide along with RICE, Group III RICE (control group) for 2 weeks. Outcome Measures: Pre and Post session, measurement of dorsiflexion range of motion will be taken with Modified Lidcombe templates. Duration: The expected duration of study is considered 8months for ethical clearance, data collection and analysis, editing and publis hing. Budget: An estimation of Rs 30,000 is made including the investigation, instruments, materials and refreshments. BACKGROUND Ankle is a complex joint which is categorized as a hinge joint. It is one of the important component for ambulation in humans. Ankle sprains are one of the commonest injuries in athletics. It accounts for 20% of all sports injuries (Bergfeld J; 2004).In India, incidence rate of ankle sprain accounts for 0.31% of the population and the chances of re-injury is seen as high as 78-80% despite the continued research in this field (Statistics for ankle sprain; 2003). The pathomechanics for ankle inversion injury is inversion and plantar flexion of the ankle joint. There is loss of dorsiflexion and inversion range of motion which is attributed to pain and swelling (Denegar CR et al; 2002), (Collins et al; 2004).According to Denegar C et al (2002) the loss of dorsiflexion range of motion is due to restriction of posterior talar glide. This suggests that in an acute ankle inversion sprain the loss of dorsiflexion range of motion could be due to mechanical dysfunction in talocrural joint. The conventional treatment for acute ankle sprain is RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation).The main aim of conventional treatment (RICE) is primarily to reduce pain and inflammation (Starkey JA; 1976), (Slatyer MA et al; 1997). The conventional treatment (RICE) with early movement is found to be more effective for reducing pain, swelling and improving mobility (Dettori et al; 1994). Because of the ineffectiveness of conventional treatment for treating the positional dysfunction caused due to acute ankle inversion injury the joint becomes more susceptible to injury (Hertel J et al, 1999). Manual Therapy focuses on reduction of pain and correction of the postural and movement dysfunction due to ankle sprain. According to Maitland grades of mobilization grade I and II mobilization is used in acute condition and grade II mobilization is seem effective in reducing pain and improving dorsiflexion range of movement in acute musculoskeletal conditions. Maitland grades of mobilization improves the ankle dorsiflexion in acute ankle inversion sprain (Green et al; 2001) and reduces pain by modulation of nervous tissue (Vincenzino B et al; 1998). According to Maitland GD (1986), passive joint mobilization improves the range of movement by gentle oscillatory movement of the articular surfaces that creates movement of the mobile segments by a means other than the muscles .According to Collins et al (2004), Mulligans mobilization with movement technique is effective in reducing pain and improves dorsiflexion of ankle joint. A single case study done by O Brien, B.Vincenzino (1998) sh owed that Mulligan Mobilization with movement technique on acute ankle sprain improved the range of movement (dorsiflexion and inversion), functional outcome and reduced the pain. According to pilot study conducted by John-Mark Chesney, Erin Morris, Mulligans mobilization with movement technique and taping had significant effect on temporal and spatial parameters of gait. Immediate decrease in pain and an early return to function are claimed to be result of Mulligans mobilization with movement Mulligan 1995; Vincenzino Wright 1995; Hetherington 1996). However, the lack of adequate evidence in literature for the effectiveness of Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide with movement technique in acute ankle inversion sprain failed to prove its clinical and statistical significance in research methods. The above literature also shows lack of studies done to compare the effects of Maitland and Mulligan mobilization technique in treatment of acute ankle inversion sprain. Hence, the aim of the study is to find the immediate effect of Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar mobilization with movement technique in acute ankle inversion sprain with RICE and compare the results with that of Maitland anterior-to-posterior talar glide mobilization with RICE for treatment of acute ankle inversion sprain. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Ankle joint is a complex joint due to its articular, ligamentous and tendinous anatomy. The anterior talofibular ligament restricts anterior translation and internal rotation of talus inside the mortise. The coupled motion during plantar flexion happens as internal rotation and anterior translation of talus aided by deltoid ligament. The calcaneofibular ligament restricts inversion of the talocrural and subtalar joint. The posterior talofibular ligament restricts inversion and internal rotation after calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligament undergo injury. According to Konradsen and Voight (2002) an inversion torque was produced on loading a cadaveric leg, when the unloaded foot was positioned in 30 degree inversion, full plantar flexion and 10 degree internal tibial rotation. The collision with 20 degree inverted foot in swing phase follow through forced the foot into full limit of inversion, plantar flexion and internal tibial rotation. According to Denegar CR et al (2002) in normal biomechanics the instantaneous axis of rotation of talocrural joint translates posteriorly during dorsiflexion, but in anterior malaligned talus or with restricted posterior talar glide the axis of rotation is shifted anteriorly leading to joint dysfunction. According to Baumhauer JF et al (1995) previous history of sprain, limited range of motion and reduced dorsiflexor and plantar flexor strength ratio, elevated eversion to inversion ratio have been attributed to predisposing to inversion injury. According to Eren OT et al (2003) high malleolar index (posteriorly positioned fibula) is attributed to predisposing factor to sprain. Average malleolar index was +11.5 degree in subjects with ankle sprain and +5.85 degree in normal controls. Green T in 2001 used a Modified Lidcombe Template to measure the pain free dorsiflexion range of motion occurring in talocrural joint. The template consisted of 2 boards joined by an adjustable hinge. One board served as a footplate and other was placed under the subjects calf. The adjustable hinge served as the axis of rotation of template in vertical plane and the board placed under the subjects calf allowed for adjustment in horizontal plane. The measurement was standardized by measuring both force applied and the angle of dorsiflexion at which the subject first experienced the pain (Matyas T, Bach T; 1985). The force applied was standardized throughout the trail by spring balance and the direction of force was standardized by spirit level attached to the spring. The device showed high intrarater and interrater reliability of which 29% were in exact agreement and 84.5% were within 2 degrees, ICC=0.94. The conventional management of ankle sprain is RICE in acute stage of injury. The functional treatment procedures with early initiation of weight bearing as tolerated, early mobilization, proprioceptive training, balance training has been advocated to provide early functional rehabilitation to subjects. According to Bahr R (2004) and Bruce Beynnon B, (2004) the management of sprain concentrates on static and dynamic stability, gaining normal ankle range of motion, optimal strength of peroneal, dorsiflexors, plantar flexors, and invertor muscles of ankle and retraining ankle strategy. According to Kerkhoffs et al (2002) functional treatment is superior to immobilization and surgical intervention in areas of pain on activity, quality of performance on return to sport/work, objectives instability on x-ray views and patient satisfaction. Manual therapy in ankle inversion sprain Maitlands Mobilization Green et al (2001) conducted a randomized controlled trial of passive accessory joint mobilization on acute ankle inversion sprain. The study included 38 subjects with acute ankle inversion sprain( Elizabeth L et al (2008) conducted a study in which 10 subjects were taken with immobilized ankle for at least 14 days and presented with at least 5 degree of dorsiflexion deficit compared to contralateral ankle. A crossover design was employed and subjects received Maitlands grade 3 mobilization in one group and control intervention (no treatment) in other group. Results showed that joint mobilization led to a reduction in pain and improvements in pain-free dorsiflexion. Mulligan mobilization with movement technique Collins et al (2004) conducted a double-blinded randomized controlled trial with a crossover design approach. In this study 14 subjects with grade 2 ankle sprain were taken. The dorsiflexion in weight-bearing and thermal pain threshold were calculated. All the subjects undergo 3 treatment conditions-Mulligans mobilization with movement technique for dorsiflexion, placebo group and control group (no treatment).Results showed that the talar anterior-to-posterior glide improved the recovery rate in treatment with Mulligans mobilization with movement technique. The study conducted by Collins N was done on subjects with sub acute ankle sprain. T OBrien, B.Vincenzino (1998) conducted a single case study to investigate the effects of Mulligans with movement technique mobilization for acute lateral ankle sprain. The technique used in this study was posterior glide to distal fibular while patient actively inverted the ankle. In the study 2 subjects with acute ankle sprain were used to control for natural resolution of ankle sprain. Subject I underwent ABAC protocol while subject II BABAC protocol where A was no treatment phase B was treatment phase and C was post treatment return to sport phase. The outcome measures Modified Kaikkonen test functional outcome, VAS for pain and range of dorsiflexion and inversion were measured pre and post of each intervention session. Results showed rapid improvement of range of motion (inversion and dorsiflexion) and immediate decrease in pain. Hence from the above studies we can infer that anterior-to-posterior talar glide technique in both Maitland and Mulligan mobilization is effective in treating ankle inversion sprain than the RICE protocol alone. The above studies also infer that Maitlands grades of mobilization is significantly effective in improving dorsiflexion range in acute ankle sprain. However, Mulligans mobilization had shown effective results in treating ankle sprain in subacute condition. The study done by T OBrien, B.Vincenzino (1998) shows the effectiveness of Mulligans mobilization with movement technique in improving dorsiflexion range of motion in acute ankle sprain but the study design leads to limitation of generalization of its findings. However, it does provide the knowledge to conduct a random clinical trail in utility of Mulligans mobilization with movement technique in the treatment of acute ankle inversion sprain and to compare the results with Maitlands grades of mobilization to find the best e ffective treatment method for improving the recovery rate in acute ankle inversion sprain. IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL QUESTION Does Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide is effective in improving dorsiflexion in subjects with acute ankle inversion sprain than Maitlands anterior-to-posterior talar glide mobilization. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide is effective than Maitlands grades of mobilization in improving dorsiflexion range of motion in subjects with acute ankle inversion sprain. NULL HYPOTHESIS Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide is not effective than Maitlands grades of mobilization in improving dorsiflexion range of motion in subjects with acute ankle inversion sprain. METHODOLOGY Design An Experimental, Comparative, Randomized Controlled Trail design. The study will be single blinded to avoid any possible bias. The subjects will be allocated to 3 group of interventions-Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide with movement technique with RICE, Maitlands anterior-to-posterior talar glide mobilization with RICE, and third group RICE alone .Outcome measure will measure the degree of dorsiflexion pre and post to each session which will be measured by the assessor blinded to the allocation of subjects to the groups. Subjects The study will be conducted by recruiting 90 samples through convenience sampling by giving advertisements and notices to orthopaedic and physiotherapy department in MS Ramaiah Memorial hospital and the hospitals nearby its surrounding areas. The subjects recruited will be diagnosed for acute ankle inversion sprain and referred by radiologist through X-Ray imaging. To maintain the homogeneity of the groups all the subjects will be recruited based on Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria-All subjects of age group 20-30years of age, History of ankle inversion injury with pain over lateral aspect of ankle ( ETHICAL APPROVAL The ethical approval will be taken from Ethical Board of MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital along with the permission of other hospitals near by its surroundings. Subjects will be given a copy of informed consent with the details of the study and the confidentiality of patients personnel information and data obtained after the study will be maintained. Subjects can withdraw from study at any given point of time. VENUE/LOCATION OF THE STUDY The study will be conducted in MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital Physiotherapy Department, Bangalore. A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRAIL STUDY An experimental randomized controlled trail -single blinded study will be conducted on 90 subjects with acute ankle inversion sprain. The technique of the interventions will be finalized during the study and side-effects or any error in the intervention will be noted and rectified. RESEARCH METHOD AND EXPERIMENTAL INTERVENTION 90 samples will be recruited by convenience sampling. The samples will be assessed for acute ankle inversion sprain by X-Ray imaging done by the radiologist in radiology department of MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital. The subjects will be randomly assigned to 3 groups by chit method. Each group will be assigned 30 subjects. The researcher who will conduct the study is a qualified physiotherapist who specializes in manual therapy. After the allocation of the group the experimental group I will receive Mulligans anterior to posterior talar glide along with active dorsiflexion of ankle which will be followed by RICE application. The mobilization will be performed in weight bearing in which the therapist applies a postero-anterior force to distal leg through a treatment belt while stabilizing the foot and talus (Mulligan; 1999).The experimental group II will receive Maitlands anterior-to-posterior talar glide (Grade II) followed by RICE application. The mobilization will be performed with subject lying supine and the ankle will be positioned over the edge of plinth with proximal hand of therapist stabilizing the distal tibia and fibula while the distal hand will mobilize the talus with posteriorly directed oscillation(Maitland;1977).Group III will receive RICE treatm ent for maximum of 2 weeks. Subjects in experimental group I and II will be treated every second day for maximum of 2 weeks. Therefore 6 sessions of treatment over 14 days will be done. Three sets of 10 repetitions will be applied with 1 minute between sets (Exelby, 1996) in both mobilization technique. Pain experienced during treatment will result in immediate cessation of technique and exclusion of the subject from study. OUTCOME MEASURES Dorsiflexion range of motion will be measured by Modified Lidcombe template. The template enabled standardized measurement of dorsiflexion range of movement. The axis of rotation of ankle was aligned with adjustable axis of rotation of template. The spring balance attached to the footplate measure the force applied in the standardized direction. A hydrogoniometer placed on the footplate measures the range of dorsiflexion in degrees. The template have a high intrarater and interrater reliability of which 29% were in exact agreement and 84.5% were within 2 degrees, ICC=0.94. Hydrogoniometer have high intraclass coefficients (0.84-0.99) which revealed high agreement between the raters (Lex D.De jong et al; 2007) RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS The dorsiflexion range of movement measured will be in degrees which represent a parametric data. The data collected pre and post of each 6 session in group I and group II will be analyzed by related t test (i.e. within the group) and unrelated t test will be done to compare between the group I and group II for dependent variable. One way ANOVA will be used for analysis of data from all the 3 groups along with Scheffe test to find the most effective group for treatment of acute ankle inversion sprain. The level of significance will be set at 0.5; the probability will be calculated based on the t value with degree of freedom table. The confidence interval will be kept to 95%. ANNEXURE PROJECT TIMELINE The overall estimated time required for the completion of the study is 8months i.e. 1 month for ethical clearance, 4 months for the randomized controlled trail, data collection and data analysis, 1 month for writing up and presenting results and 2 months for publishing results. Tasks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ethical clearance + Randomized controlled trail amend data collection tools + Data collection + + + Data analysis + + Writing up presenting results + Publishing results + + BUDGET The overall estimation of the budget is Rs30, 000 which includes X-RAY imaging Rs20, 000 (90 subjects) Modified Lidcombe Template and hydrogoniometer Rs5000 Stationary Rs1000 Transportation and refreshments Rs4000 INFORMED CONSENT Introduction This is an informed consent given to a subject who wishes to participate in research study. Please red the informed consent carefully or you can ask anyone of your relative who you trust can read this informed consent for you in your language by translating it. Please feel free to ask any questions you have about this informed consent or research study in your mind. Please sign the consent form only after you have no doubts about the research study or consent form. Do not sign the consent form under any kind of pressure. Title of Research Project Immediate effects of Mulligans anterior-to-posterior talar glide with movement technique versus Maitlands anterior-to-posterior talar glide for pain free dorsiflexion in acute ankle inversion sprain. Investigator SUMIT KIMOTHI M. Sc in Clinical Physiotherapy. Purpose Of Study Acute ankle sprain has high percentage re-injury. Mulligans mobilization with movement technique helps in improving dorsiflexion range of motion by correction of positional dysfunction of joint. This study is to find the effect of Mulligans mobilization with movement technique and compare it with effects of Maitlands grades of mobilization in treatment of acute ankle inversion sprain. Description of Study After being diagnosed with acute ankle inversion sprain you will be sent to the physiotherapy department in physiotherapy department. The researcher will explain you about the treatment technique and the study and an informed consent will be given to you based on your decision your participation will be decided. If you wish to participate a treatment technique selected for the respective group in which you will allocated will be performed on you and the assessment will be taken before and after the treatment session. The duration of treatment is 2 weeks and if there is any changes, you will be informed prior. Possible Risks or Complication The treatment technique itself has no side-effects or complication and it will be performed by a qualified physiotherapist in Manual Therapy. Treatment Alternative If the therapy is not effective to you, you will be provided with an alternative treatment with free of cost. Financial Implications All the expenses regarding the research work including the investigation, transportation, food expenses and treatment will be free of cost. Potential Benefits The study may be beneficial to society and individuals of similar condition. You can benefit by improving you condition with help of this treatment. Participation Participation in this research study is voluntary. If the participant wants to withdraw he/she can withdraw at any given point of time. CONSENT FORM I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me. I have had the opportunity to ask questions about it and any questions that I have asked have been answered to my satisfaction. I consent voluntarily to participate as a participant in this research and understand that I have the right to withdraw from the research at any time without in any way affecting my medical care. Name of the participant _____________________ Signature of participant _____________________ Date: _____________________ Day/month/year ___________________ If illiterate A literate witness must sign (if possible, this person should be selected by the participant and should have no connection to the research team). I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the potential participant, and the individual has had the opportunity to ask questions. I confirm that the individual has given consent freely. Name of witness ___________________ AND Thumb print of participant Signature of witness ___________________ Date: ______________ Day/month/year ______________ I have accurately read or witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the potential participant, and the individual has had the opportunity to ask questions. I confirm that the individual has given consent freely. Print Name of Researcher _________________ Signature of Researcher ___________________ Date __________ Day/month/year ____________ A copy of this Informed Consent Form has been provided to participant ____________ (initialed by the researcher/assistant) For more information contact: Sumit Kimothi M. Sc in clinical physiotherapy, MS Ramaiah Memorial Hospital, Bangalore. 9916261101 ASSESSMENT CHART Name : Age : Sex : Site of Disorder : Mode of Treatment : Measurement : Parameters Before Treatment After Treatment Dorsiflexion range of motion Signature of Clinician : Signature of Chief Physiotherapist :

The Great Depression :: essays research papers

Introduction It should be noted that all of the cures have been tried and while we seem to be free of Depressions, it's not clear that business cycles have been eliminated. Causes The Stock Market Crash The Stock Market Crash in October of 1929 is often cited as the beginning of the Great Depression, but did it actually cause it? The answer is no. First, the stock price for a particular company merely reflects current information about the future income stream of that company. Thus, it is a change in available information that changes the stock price. When the Fed began to raise interest rates in early 1929, this began the tumble. However, a stock market crash could cause people to increase their liquidity preference which might lead them to hoard money. In the August 1990 issue of The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Christine D. Romer writes that "the negative effect of stock market variability is more than strong enough to account for the entire decline in real consumer spending on durables that occurred in late 1929 and 1930." Hoarding Money People hoard money because they have a liquidity preference. I.e., people want to have their assets in a readily convertible form, such as money. There are several misconceptions about hoarding money. First hoarding is not the same thing as saving. If I put my money into a savings account, that money is lent out to someone else who then spends it. Second, hoarding, by itself, cannot cause a recession or depression. As long as prices and wages drop instantly to reflect the lower amount of money in the economy, then hoarding causes no problems. Indeed, hoarding can even be seen as beneficial to those who don't hoard, since their money will be able to buy more goods as a result of the lower prices. If a country has a gold standard, then hoarding money can make the money supply drop dramatically since a gold standard makes the quantity of money difficult for the government to control. The Gold Standard At the time of the Great Depression,America had a 100% gold standard for its money. This meant that all cash was backed by a government promise to redeem it in a specific amount of gold (at the time, one ounce of gold was redeemable for twenty dollars). Because the amount of money circulating in the economy is wholly dependent on the amount of gold available, the money supply is very rigid.

Passion to Change the World in John Miltons Paradise Lost :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Passion to Change the World in John Milton's Paradise Lost The world I see around me every day is one based on reason, scientific principles, tolerance, freedom, and most of all, a deep-rooted skepticism toward any form of absolute truth. When I think about Paradise Lost, I cannot help but to ponder what implications Paradise Lost has in this cold post-modern world. The world was a very different place in 1666, and not to say Milton’s ideas where meaningful to everyone in the 17th century, but for many people today Paradise Lost is, to put it rather bluntly, little more than a fairy tale. My thoughts have led me to one question; can a post-modern society such as ours learn anything from Paradise Lost that we can use to help better our world, or do our vast technological skills and post-modern philosophies provide a sufficient means for us to find joy, happiness and meaning in our lives? The post-modern world is full of complexity, skepticism, and moral ambiguity. Jean-Francois Lyotard, in â€Å"Defining the Postmodern,† explains that post-modernism arose from a rejection of modernism and its failed ideologies, ideologies that gave us such memorial events as Auschwitz, and have left us with deeply engrained feelings of skepticism toward our world and ourselves. Lyotard illustrates how mankind, in a post-modern world, â€Å"is in the condition of running after the process of accumulating new objects of practice and thought,† which to Lyotard is â€Å"something like a destiny towards a more and more complex condition.† Lyotard points out the implications of this ever increasing complexity when he observes that â€Å"our demands for security, identity, and happiness†¦appear today irrelevant in the face of this sort of obligation to complexify, mediate, memorize and synthesize every object,† and â€Å"consequently, the claim for simpl icity, in general, appears today that of a barbarian† (1612-5). Our world is in every way leading us into, as Lyotard points out, â€Å"a more and more complex condition† (1614). Truth, for example, was once thought of as a single transcendent idea, accessible by a means such as science, religion, or philosophy. However, as citizens of a post-modern world, we have to deal with a more complex definition of truth than ever before. Friedrich Nietzsche, in 1873, said, â€Å"truths are illusions of which we have forgotten that they are illusions; metaphors which have become worn by frequent use and have lost all sensuous vigor† (878).

Sous Vide a Breif History

Alex Schwichtenberg Wed/Thursday Kramer Sous Vide The technique sous vied was discovered by the Americans and French during the1960s and developed into an industrial food preservation method. The same one was then adopted by Georges Pralus in 1974 for the Troisgros in Roanne, France. He discovered that when foie gras was cooked in this manner it kept its original appearance, did not lose excess amounts of fat and had better texture.Another pioneer in sous-vide is Bruno Goussault, who further researched the effects of temperature on various foods and became well known for training top chefs in the method. As chief scientist of Alexandria, Virginia-based food manufacturer Cuisine Solutions, Goussault developed the parameters of cooking times and temperatures for various foods. As well as in traditional poaching, sealing the food in plastic bags keeps in juices and aroma that would normally be lost. Also you can read about  History of the Culinary Arts.By placing food in a water bath set to temperature set at the desired final cooking, thus eliminating possibility of over cooking. In conventional cooking, such as oven roasting or grilling, the food is exposed to higher levels of heat then final internal cooking temperature; the food then needs to be removed from the high heat prior to its reaching the desired cooking temperature. If the food can be removed from the heat too late and too early, undercooking and overcooking can be results. As a result of precise temperature control of the bath, very precise control of cooking can be achieved.Thus cooking, can be very even throughout the food in sous vide cooking, even with irregularly shaped or very thick items, given enough time. The use of temperatures much lower than for conventional cooking is an equally essential feature of sous vide, resulting higher succulence and tenderness: at these lower temperatures, cell walls in the food do not burst. In the case of meat cooking, tough collagen in connective tissue can be hydrolyzed into gelatin, without heating the meat toughens and moisture is wrung out.With the cooking of vegetables, when extreme mushiness is seen as undesirably overcooked, sous vide cooks vegetables at a temperature below the boiling point of water allowing the vegetables to be thoroughly cooked while keeping a firm or crisp texture. From the culinary view exclusion of air is secondary, but it has importance, it allows cooked food to be stored, still sealed and refrigerated, for considerable times, which is especially useful for the catering industry. Without oxygen from food that requires long cooking and is susceptible to oxidation, e. g. fat on meat, which may become rancid with prolonged exposure to air. The classic sous vide process involves two steps: Step One is vacuum sealing the food in bags. The term, â€Å"sous vide,† or â€Å"under vacuum,† though applied to the e ntire process, arose from just the vacuum seal method of just this first step. Step Two is the actual cooking for a prolonged time. A few sous vide foods are only subjected to Step One, a few are only subjected to Step Two, and many sous vide foods are never subjected to vacuum at all. Sous vide cookers can also step into the role of a bain-marie.It sometimes can be desirable to have the food come in contact with the cooking liquid, as it can be an ingredient. At Thomas Keller's The French Laundry, their lobster tail are cooked into a sous vide cooker filled with Beurre monte as their heating medium. For steps One ; Two No Vac: Foods with liquids can be prepared for sous vide cooking in a normal water bath by placing them in zippered freezer bags, closing them most of the way, then gently evacuating the air until the liquid touches the zipper before completing the seal.Food thus sealed is just as well prepared for sous vide cooking as that placed under a vacuum. Sous vide is becomin g more popular with chefs today because foods can be cooked before service and heated to order. Works cited Ruhlman,Michel â€Å"Under Pressure: Cooking Sous Vide †Translating the Chef’s Craft for Every Kitchen, November 17th, 2008 Zumromski,Walter â€Å"sous vide† The other cooking method, June 11th ,2012